At the beginning of 2021, an updated version of the Toyota Land Cruiser 200 (photo below) will be released on the Russian market - the most common and, perhaps, the most “long-lasting” series of the Land Cruiser family. Oddly enough, the Japanese manufacturer, which usually does not abuse the patience of its customers, demonstrates the exact opposite position regarding the 200 series: making small changes every year, it declares with no less tenacity each time a deep restyling. Why and what all this is for is unknown; but the Land Cruiser 200, with all its features, is a comfortable and reliable SUV, endowed by its creators with an attractive appearance, and its demand in the near future is not in danger.
Photo: updated Toyota Land Cruiser 200 2019
Now let’s learn more about whether the updated Toyota Land Cruiser 200 (photo below) belongs to the new generation. At the beginning of 2021, many experts, followed by ordinary car enthusiasts, seriously assumed that the manufacturer would still please connoisseurs of its products by officially announcing the release of the second generation of super-spacious SUV. But the hopes were not justified, and initially they were not based on anything other than fantasies: Toyota, which announced an upcoming restyling back in 2021, has simply remained silent since then, leaving motorists to figure out the details on their own. The bias that has arisen in the minds of potential buyers towards the “new generation” can be understood: the Japanese auto giant has never modified the Land Cruiser 200 to this level, and the time seems to have come. But dreams remained dreams: Western, and soon Russian, car enthusiasts will be able to enjoy pleasant and useful, but still insignificant changes.
The second classic question is the right of the 2019 Toyota Land Cruiser 200 (photo below) to be called an SUV. And here everything is ambiguous. On the one hand, the increased dimensions (5 m or more) and relatively high ground clearance (23.0 cm) clearly indicate that the updated car belongs to the SUV class. On the other hand, in the modern world there are also crossovers whose length exceeds 5.4 m (at least the new product from Rolls-Royce expected by aesthetes), and the ground clearance is only slightly inferior to the value mentioned above.
Another argument is the maximum allowable number of passengers in the cabin of the updated Toyota Land Cruiser 200. There are eight of them - according to the standard scheme (two-three-three). It may be true that there are seven (two-two-three), but this option is more expensive and is not applicable to a basic car. It would seem, why not an SUV? But for a long time there have been crossovers from the same Toyota and its “compatriots” like Subaru and Nissan, also designed for seven or eight adults, including the driver. So, in this regard, the 2021 Land Cruiser 200 cannot be clearly assigned to one class or another.
The last argument is the installed engines. Here, the updated Land Cruiser 200 also has nothing special to boast about: two options, a 4.5-liter diesel and a 4.6-liter gasoline, are, of course, not bad at all and develop decent power - but, as in previous cases, crossovers have existed for a long time, in which have much stronger units installed. Well, the question remains open.
It's time for two of the biggest arguments in favor of the 2021 Toyota Land Cruiser 200's off-road capabilities. The first of them is the body height, reaching 2 m. This is something that is not found in crossovers, no matter how luxurious they are. The second, no less important and still decisive, is the opinion of the manufacturer. Since the release of the very first model, Toyota has not stopped, including in official Russian-language statements, calling the Land Cruiser 200 an SUV - therefore, we can stop there.
It should only be noted that for a Japanese, European or American driver this problem does not exist at all: according to the Western classification, large crossovers, SUVs, pickups and some other types of large and powerful vehicles belong to the SUV (Sport Utility Vehicle) group. That's all; no additional divisions are provided. A Russian car enthusiast will either have to agree with the opinion of the manufacturer, or remain with his own: “class affiliation” does not affect the reliability of the Toyota Land Cruiser 200 in any way.
But the safety of the updated 2019 Toyota Land Cruiser 200 (photo below) should be discussed separately. It goes without saying that no one will blame the Japanese for their negligent approach to preserving the health and life of the driver and passengers in the cabin. However, the equipment of the basic version of the SUV causes, if not indignation, then surprise. How Toyota, which values its own reputation so much, took the path of South Korean and Chinese automakers by refusing to include side airbags and fog lights in the list of basic equipment will forever remain a mystery. However, there is no escaping the fact: the cheapest version of the Land Cruiser 200 is equipped with only two airbags - for the driver and the passenger next to him, and is simply devoid of foglights.
How does this threaten the owner of a basic SUV? The absence of side airbags will lead in the event of a severe collision (frontal or tangential) to the passenger hitting one of the hard surfaces that are abundant in the cabin of any car. The result is more or less serious damage and injuries, including fractures and internal hemorrhages. Consequently, the owner of the updated Land Cruiser 200 will either have to try to overcome thoughts about the possible consequences of an understaffed interior of the car every time he sets off, or spend his own money and time purchasing and installing the missing airbags. Another option, the most successful, but not always feasible, is to purchase an advanced SUV, equipped by default with all the necessary elements of active and passive protection.
Approximately the same applies to fog lights. These components of car optics (perhaps not very necessary in a temperate climate and in conditions of normal road lighting at night) are certainly needed by the Russian driver. It is, of course, unacceptable to navigate in the evening or at night solely by your own vision, and using low beam lights is uneconomical and inconvenient. The driver will have to either buy and install foglights himself or at the nearest auto repair shop (but this may negatively affect the performance of the original optics), or continue to use low beams, or purchase a more expensive version of the SUV.
But the updated 2021 Toyota Land Cruiser 200 (photo below) also has undoubted advantages. These include, firstly, a magnificent appearance. Secondly, an SUV can be both easily integrated into the urban environment and used outside the city with no less success; for example, for a short-term family or friends outing into nature or a trip to the country. Of course, a driver who gets behind the wheel of a Toyota Land Cruiser 200 straight from a passenger car, bypassing the crossover stage, will have to get used to the increased size of the car and the longer response time due to its weight for some time. There is no tragedy here, however: the Land Cruiser 200 is a truly easy-to-drive SUV, and the logical organization of the interior space will make it easy for even a beginner to adapt to it.
The following will provide information regarding the appearance, interior and technical characteristics of the updated Toyota Land Cruiser 200 (photo below). The potential buyer can only study the information offered and make an informed decision, which he will not have to regret in the future.
2021 Toyota Land Cruiser 200 exterior (photo)
The appearance of the updated 2021 Land Cruiser 200 (photo below) has undergone virtually no changes since the previous restyling. The proportions have become more harmonious, and for one of the trim levels (Executive) the design of the radiator grille has been slightly redesigned - that’s probably all. About other elements of the car’s “appearance” we can simply say that the manufacturer chose not to touch them.
Among the technological innovations present in the updated SUV are automatically folding rear-view mirrors, equipped with their own backlight, which helps the driver better navigate dangerous areas in the dark. The innovation is, of course, pleasant, but, like those listed earlier, it is far from revolutionary.
The main component of the front view of the car (photo below) is a huge, densely chromed radiator grille in the form of a slightly downward hexagon. The manufacturer chose not to round the corners of the grille, maintaining strict geometry that emphasizes the solidity of the body and the overall endurance of the SUV.
From the inside, the radiator grille is reinforced with vertical bars located at equal distances from each other. For external protection, Toyota used wide and also chrome-plated horizontal metal strips. These elements, coupled with a wide, strongly protruding edging, have not only a decorative, but also an applied purpose, practically leveling out the inevitable decrease in the strength of the body of the 2021 Toyota Land Cruiser 200 caused by the presence of wide, completely open openings in it. Both the grill frame and the jumpers in this case act as stiffening ribs - and, knowing the love of Japanese developers for crash tests, we can conclude that the above-mentioned parts cope with their job.
The real decoration of the “nose” of the car are the completely straight headlights, located at a turned angle, not only adjacent directly to the radiator grille, but also connected to it by long and narrow chrome-plated “bridges” emerging from it.
Following the general trend, which has gained popularity in recent years, the Japanese manufacturer abandoned the use of frosted or corrugated glass, which it had not previously particularly liked. Now the constituent elements of the headlights are covered with crystal clear, additionally tempered glass, capable of withstanding not only light non-directional impacts, but also a serious collision, excluding, of course, a head-on one.
Toyota designers, fortunately they have impeccable taste, made sure that the niches and optics of the Land Cruiser 200 completely coincide with each other, leaving no ridiculous protrusions or illogical depressions, which, after a short-term fashion for them has passed, are perceived by connoisseurs of aesthetics exclusively in irony key.
The headlights are clearly divided into components typical for an SUV:
- low beam lights;
- driving lights;
- turn signals;
- parking lights;
- a two-row LED strip emphasizing the rest of the optics.
Fully transparent glass will allow the buyer, and then the owner of the updated Land Cruiser 200, to ensure that there is no mechanical damage to each of the elements. Depending on the configuration, the optics of an SUV can be completely halogen, halogen with LED inserts (including the same bottom strip) or exclusively LED. The latter option is preferable: LED headlights last longer, and they are also less sensitive to external influences, including shocks or overheating. Toyota does not provide laser optics for any of the configurations: such headlights, in addition to the fact that they are much more expensive than LED ones, have been used relatively recently and have not yet proven themselves well enough.
The fog lights of the 2021 Land Cruiser 200, if installed, occupy space in deep chrome-plated niches located almost at the very edges of the “nose,” which reliably protect these components of the optics from impacts. There is no need to worry that a pebble accidentally flying out from under the wheels of the car in front will damage or completely disable the fog light, forcing the driver to get to the destination using low beam lights or, less effectively, LED strips.
The wide air intake of the Toyota Land Cruiser 200 is divided (and strengthened) in the middle by a massive bumper with complex stamping. It is noteworthy that even the semi-closed design of the air intake and the presence of elements covering it from the outside do not interfere with air exchange: the owner of an updated SUV can be firmly confident that none of the elements of technical equipment will overheat or fail at the most inopportune moment.
The last element of the front view of the car is the hood, consisting of a central recess and two parallel side elevations, gradually falling towards the edges. The purpose of this configuration is purely decorative: in the event of a collision, wide, unpronounced pseudo-stiffening ribs will not affect the strength of the body in any way. The hood lid goes, quite logically, into the windshield, which would seem to fall inside the cabin, if not for the convex shape and wide holders of the same configuration, completely merging with the roof at the top point.
The top of the car is equipped with high through roof rails, attached for greater reliability to three points, the middle of which is shifted slightly back, and, depending on the configuration, a sliding hatch driven by modern electronics, or a panoramic roof with its own lighting. In the production of sunroofs and panoramic roofs for the updated Toyota Land Cruiser 200, exclusively high-strength tempered glass is used that can withstand vertical impacts.
True, it is difficult to say how much a panoramic roof is needed by a domestic car enthusiast: in most regions of the country, with their predominantly harsh weather and a minimum number of warm days a year, it will only help to quickly remove heat from the cabin, and therefore increase energy costs for heating the SUV from the inside. Whether a motorist from Yakutia or the Krasnoyarsk Territory needs this is up to them to decide.
The side view of the car (photo below) suffers a little from the manufacturer's use of overly large square arches designed for wheels with a radius of 17 (basic) or 18 inches. Tire sizes - 285/65 and 285/60, respectively; Toyota does not provide any other options for “shoes”, and in the near future, the situation probably will not change radically.
But the side line of the updated Land Cruiser 200 is truly impeccable: wide and high, it starts near the side mirrors and throughout its entire length almost maintains the parallelism of the upper and lower edges. The line ends with a sharp vertical decline, turning into the lower edge under a slight rounding.
Fortunately, the developers of the 2021 Toyota Land Cruiser 200 did not experiment with stamping the side doors, leaving the “three-dimensional” pattern that attracted buyers, deepening downwards and merging with the surface slightly short of the line of horizontal handles.
Taking into account the high ground clearance, side sills for the updated Land Cruiser 200 are simply necessary, and the manufacturer has not forgotten about them. They may not be too wide, but they are durable and covered with anti-slip material, which will definitely not be out of place in the Russian winter.
The rear view of the Land Cruiser 200 (photo below), although not bad, is downright boring. There are no memorable details here, with the exception of a wide chrome strip with an engraved "Land Cruiser" lettering connecting the large taillights, which extend onto both the tailgate and the "sides" of the SUV. Also pleasing is the corrugated floor protruding beyond the luggage door, which creates additional support when loading heavy or large objects inside the car.
The color range of the Land Cruiser 200 body includes the following shades:
- white;
- silver;
- grey;
- dark grey;
- black;
- Navy blue;
- red;
- olive.
The buyer is not yet offered any other tones; Perhaps Toyota will create a separate offer for the Russian client, including additional shades. In addition, nothing will prevent the car enthusiast from independently choosing the color that he thinks is suitable.
Our verdict
On the highway, the Prado’s consumption turned out to be around 8.2-8.3 liters per “hundred” - quite reasonable figures if you think about the weight of the car. At the same time, the “cruiser” surprised us with its taxiing - with such a weight, the SUV rolls minimally, handles predictably and does not frighten with reactions. Passenger comfort? Back and forth they snored peacefully, and even snored - what is not the best proof of the “territory of comfort”?
Another thing is that it’s stupid to take a Land Cruiser Prado if you are a frankly “asphalt” driver - why carry this mass and pay a wild toll for it? Then it's better to look at the C-HR or RAV4.
Vadim ZENKEVICH
Auto business
Toyota Land Cruiser Prado technical specifications table
| Length/width/height, mm | 4840/1855/1845 |
| Wheelbase, mm | 2790 |
| Engine | diesel 4-cylinder |
| Working volume, cubic cm | 2755 |
| Max. power, hp | 177 |
| Max. torque, Nm at rpm | 450/1600-2400 |
| Transmission | 6 automatic transmission |
| Max. speed, km/h | 175 |
| Fuel consumption city/highway, l/100 km | 9,2/6,3 |
| Fuel tank, l | 87 |
| Curb/gross weight, kg | 2165/2990 |
Interior (photo of car interior)
Depending on the configuration, the cabin of the updated 2021 Toyota Land Cruiser 200 (photo below) will accommodate seven or eight people, including the driver. In the first case, the second row seats are separate, equipped with their own electric drives; in the second they are the same “sofa” as that located on the third - back row.
All chairs, regardless of their location, are equipped to the maximum extent with heating, ventilation and even electric massage; the latter option, more typical for SUVs in the upper price category, will undoubtedly appeal to the owner of an SUV, although not a budget one, but still not the most expensive.
On the dashboard of the 2021 Land Cruiser 200 (photo below), fully electronic or equipped with analog instruments in deep wells, are located from left to right:
- tachometer;
- on-board computer display with the information necessary to control the vehicle;
- speedometer;
- auxiliary light indicators.
The center console (photo below) of the SUV is equipped with:
- 9-inch touch display giving the driver or front passenger access to:
- an audio system with 6 or 14 speakers, a built-in radio receiver of standard AM/FM bands, a CD player with the function of playing mp3, wma and wav files;
- original trip computer;
- settings of systems and complexes installed in the car;
- built-in weather center;
- readings from existing sensors.
- The bottom is a well-organized panel of additional buttons and washers.
- Side deflectors extended vertically upward.
- Deep niche for recharging electrical devices, equipped with:
- one or two USB connectors;
- 12 volt cigarette lighter.
The central tunnel of the car (photo below), low and decorated with its own lighting, is equipped with:
- gear lever covered with anti-slip material;
- on the driver's side - hand brake with electric booster;
- double cup holder covered with a protective niche;
- an armrest covering the container for storing items needed on the go.
The luggage compartment volume of an SUV, which is already quite significant, can be increased by folding the backrests of the seats in the third and second rows. Items that still do not fit inside the 2021 Toyota Land Cruiser 200 can be easily fixed on the roof of the car - directly on the roof rails or using auxiliary devices offered by the manufacturer as accessories.
Exterior
The front end of the updated model looks more massive, which is helped by the body kit. The hood with two protruding stripes also complements the aggressive style, giving relief and brutality to the exterior. A chrome radiator is hidden under the front grille, indicating the power of the car. It fits closely to the rectangular headlights, which have xenon or LEDs installed, depending on the configuration.
The body kit is separated from the bumper by an air intake line and occupies more than half the area allocated for the latter. The windows on the sides became almost square. They are distinguished by a chrome edging that sparkles under the sun. The body itself acquired a wavy relief, and the step became irremovable. It was covered with a protective layer. Square shapes are a design feature. Not only the windows, but also the wheel arches came closer to them.
The rear of the car has not undergone such drastic changes. The rear bumper body kit takes up less space, but the tinted glass and tailgate take up a larger area. Car dimensions:
- width - 1980 mm;
- length - 4950 mm;
- height - 1955 mm;
- wheelbase - 2850 mm;
- ground clearance - 225 mm.
On a note!
You won't be able to see the spare tire: it's hidden under the body, as are the towing eyes and the exhaust system.
Car dimensions
Dimensions of the updated Land Cruiser 200:
- body length - 4.95/5.25 m;
- wheelbase - 2.85 m;
- body width - 1.98 m;
- front track - 1.68 m;
- rear track - 1.68 m;
- height without rails - 1.91/1.95/2.14 m;
- ground clearance - 23.0 cm;
- weight - 2.79/2.84 t.
The minimum trunk volume of Land Cruiser 200 is 560 liters; the largest, obtained by folding the rear “sofa” and the backs of the middle row seats, is 2600 liters.
Technical characteristics of Toyota Land Cruiser 200
All SUVs in the Land Cruiser 200 line are all-wheel drive, equipped with one of three types of engines:
- 4.5-liter diesel: 8 cylinders;
- 32 valves;
- direct injection;
- 217 horsepower at 3600 rpm;
- 430 Nm at 1200 rpm;
- fuel consumption in mixed mode is 9.5 liters per 100 km.
- 8 cylinders;
- 8 cylinders;
The transmission used is a 5-speed manual or the same automatic. Other components of the technical part of the SUV:
- Front and rear ventilated disc brakes.
- Front multi-link suspension.
- Rear torsion beam.
- Four-channel anti-lock braking system.
- Body stabilization system in motion.
- Fully customizable steering column.
- Electric drives for the front and (optional) middle seats.
- Electric drives and heated side mirrors.
- Sensors for fuel level, engine temperature, cabin temperature, road illumination and precipitation.
- Parktronic.
- “Helpers” for going uphill and going downhill.
- Immobilizer.
Cars delivered to Russia will be equipped by default with the Era-Glonass navigation system, as this is necessary from the point of view of local legislation.
Options and prices
Comfort
The minimum modification Comfort starts at 3,959,000 rubles. For this money, the car owner will receive the following set of options:
- adjustment of the steering column in two planes;
- full package of electric windows;
- dual-zone climate control;
- starting the engine with a button;
- on-board computer;
- 17-inch alloy wheels;
- electric drive for adjusting the position of the driver's seat;
- electric adjustment of rear-view mirrors;
- a set of airbags;
- various sensors;
- Cruise control;
- Ascent and descent assistance system.
Elegance
The second Elegance package will cost the buyer 4,875,000 rubles. Separately, a turbocharged diesel engine can be installed in this version - the upgrade will cost 165,000 rubles. The package will include the following additions:
- fog lights;
- Rear View Camera;
- leather interior trim;
- heating of two rows of seats;
- heated rear view mirrors;
- seat ventilation.
Prestige
The next version of Prestige has become even richer than that of the previous version of the Toyota Land Cruiser 200 2021. The cost of the modification is 5,139,000 rubles. It includes the following options:
- electric trunk lid;
- chrome body trim;
- navigation system with a huge 9-inch display;
- various sensors;
- armrest with a box for storing small items and a cooling system.
Luxe Safety
The fourth Luxe Safety package will cost the buyer 5,421,000 rubles. Additionally, it is equipped with:
- adaptive cruise control;
- moldings;
- traffic sign reading system;
- blind spot monitoring sensor.
Executive
The fifth modification, Executive, is estimated at 5,710,000 rubles. In it, the buyer will additionally find visual improvements rather than technical ones:
- decorative trims on the bumper;
- spoiler with additional brake light;
- various suspension modes.
Executive Lounge
The maximum configuration of the Executive Lounge will cost the buyer 5,910,000 rubles. It comes with premium features:
- darkened optics;
- driver's seat lighting;
- stitching of chairs and higher quality artificial leather.
Equipment Engine Volume, l. Power, hp Gearbox Drive Acceleration up to 100 km/h, c. Max. speed, km/hConsumption per 100 km, l.Price*, rub.
| Comfort | petrol | 4.6 | 309 | machine | full | 8.5 | 194 | 18.1 / 11.3 / 13.8 | 3 959 000 |
| Comfort | diesel | 4.5 | 249 | machine | full | 8.5 | 209 | 11.9 / 9.0 / 10.1 | 3 999 000 |
| Elegance | petrol | 4.6 | 309 | machine | full | 8.5 | 194 | 18.1 / 11.3 / 13.8 | 4 875 000 |
| Elegance | diesel | 4.5 | 249 | machine | full | 8.5 | 209 | 11.9 / 9.0 / 10.1 | 5 040 000 |
| Prestige | petrol | 4.6 | 309 | machine | full | 8.5 | 194 | 18.1 / 11.3 / 13.8 | 5 139 000 |
| Prestige | diesel | 4.5 | 249 | machine | full | 8.5 | 209 | 11.9 / 9.0 / 10.1 | 5 304 000 |
| Safety Suite 7 seats | petrol | 4.6 | 309 | machine | full | 8.5 | 194 | 18.1 / 11.3 / 13.8 | 5 421 000 |
| Safety Suite 7 seats | diesel | 4.5 | 249 | machine | full | 8.5 | 209 | 11.9 / 9.0 / 10.1 | 5 558 000 |
| Safety Suite 5 seats | petrol | 4.6 | 309 | machine | full | 8.5 | 194 | 18.1 / 11.3 / 13.8 | 5 373 000 |
| Safety Suite 5 seats | diesel | 4.5 | 249 | machine | full | 8.5 | 209 | 11.9 / 9.0 / 10.1 | 5 538 000 |
| Executive | petrol | 4.6 | 309 | machine | full | 8.5 | 194 | 18.1 / 11.3 / 13.8 | 5 710 000 |
| Executive | diesel | 4.5 | 249 | machine | full | 8.5 | 209 | 11.9 / 9.0 / 10.1 | 5 844 000 |
| Executive Lounge | petrol | 4.6 | 309 | machine | full | 8.5 | 194 | 18.1 / 11.3 / 13.8 | 5 910 000 |
| Executive Lounge | diesel | 4.5 | 249 | machine | full | 8.5 | 209 | 11.9 / 9.0 / 10.1 | 6 044 000 |
* — information on prices is for reference only. Check with your local dealer for exact pricing.
Specifications
Despite the fact that there are only two engine options, they are perfect for Russian buyers:
- Gasoline with a volume of 4.6 liters and a performance of 309 horsepower.
- Diesel with a volume of 4.5 liters and a return of 249 “horses”.
Both engines are equipped exclusively with an automatic transmission and drive on both axles. Each engine of the 2021 Toyota Land Cruiser 200 is capable of accelerating to the first hundred in just 9 seconds, and fuel consumption in the combined cycle is 14 liters for the gasoline unit and 10 liters for the diesel power unit.
The popular SUV received the following dimensions:
- its length is 5.0 meters,
- width reaches 2.0 meters,
- height – 2.0 meters,
- wheelbase - 2.9 meters,
- ground clearance - 23 centimeters.
Design
The most massive element is the front part of the car. It starts with the hood, which is parallel to the road surface. It is harmoniously complemented by the radiator grille, which has acquired an oval shape. It is decorated with numerous chrome elements. On both sides of the Toyota Land Cruiser 200 2021 grille, large LED head optics, made in a rectangular shape, are installed.
The front bumper includes an additional thin strip of air intake for ventilation of the engine compartment and brake system. It extends along the entire length of the body kit and expands towards the ends. Fog lights are installed here at an additional cost.
The full power of the car is felt when you approach the car from the side. The body seems simply endless. Huge windows allow not only the driver but also the passengers to enjoy an excellent view. We changed the shape of the rear view mirror. The wheel arches provide for the installation of 17- or 18-inch wheels.
The rear of the car has not changed much. The emphasis is on the massive bumper, which adds aggression to the rear of the SUV. There is also large glass that does not narrow the view for the driver.
Wide threshold, including reflectors and exhaust pipe.
Despite the fact that the 2021 Toyota Land Cruiser did not come in a new body, configurations and prices have become more diverse, and photos and reviews are already available on the manufacturer’s official website.
Source: https://naavtotrasse.ru/toyota/tsenyi-toyota-land-cruiser-200-2019.html
Options and prices for the 2021 Land Cruiser 200
In total, the manufacturer offers the Russian buyer six configuration options for the updated Land Cruiser 200, differing in appearance, interior quality, technical specifications and, of course, price:
- Comfort (basic). Cost - from 3.80 million rubles.
- Elegance. Cost - from 4.51 million rubles.
- Prestige. Cost - from 4.74 million rubles.
- Luxe Safety. Cost - from 5 million rubles.
- Executive. Cost - from 5.30 million rubles.
- Excalibur. Cost - from 5.50 million rubles.
The final price of the car will depend on the markups of a particular dealership, the current exchange rate of the ruble against the dollar and the amount of customs duties at the time of start of sales.
